Urban residents make up 54% of the global population, and that percentage is growing rapidly. Effective integration of human, physical, and digital systems operating in the built environment holds the promise of improving the quality of life for urban residents, improving the governance of cities and making cities prosperous, inclusive, sustainable and resilient. Location is a primary method for organizing urban information and services, and communicating about location requires standards. This paper addresses an open information technology standards framework that is critical to achieving the benefits of spatial communication for Smart Cities.
A Smart City uses location as an organizing principal to benefit residents, visitors, and businesses of all types. (Graphic from Steve Liang, University of Calgary)
When organized using the concepts of space and time, information about cities can be the basis for many powerful services, analytics and decision-making. Realizing these benefits depends on effective communication of location information. That communication happens when platform, system and application developers agree on location data encodings and spatial software interfaces. Even simple point location queries and responses require agreement on the naming and ordering of many parameters.
This OGC White Paper provides the beginnings of a spatial information framework for urban spatial intelligence based on open standards such as OGC CityGML, IndoorGML, Moving Features, and Augmented Reality Markup Language 2.0 (ARML 2.0). A spatial information framework provides the basis to integrate GIS features, imagery, sensor observations and social media in support of city governance and services.
Open standards from OGC, ISO and other standards organizations meet the need for interoperability, efficiency, application innovation and cost effectiveness. They have been developed over the last two decades by industry, government, NGO and academic partners. Many of the most important standards are widely implemented by vendors and solution providers.
This paper provides critical guidance on how to plan and implement open spatial standards architectures that guide deployment of interoperable information system components. It discusses open standards for mobile location communication, 3D urban models, building information models, indoor navigation, augmented reality, and sensor webs. It also gives Smart City system architects insight into how changing computing paradigms, particularly the widespread use of XML and the rise of RESTful programming, figure into Smart City planning.
The OGC® is an international consortium of more than 500 companies, government agencies, research organizations, and universities participating in a consensus process to develop publicly available geospatial standards. OGC standards support interoperable solutions that “geo-enable” the Web, wireless and location-based services, and mainstream IT. Visit the OGC website at http://www.opengeospatial.org/.
